Meaning of the Term Black Church and Its Importance

The â€Å"black church† is a term used to describe Protestant churches that have predominately black congregations. More broadly, the black church is both a specific religious culture and a socio-religious force that has shaped protest movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Origins of the Black Church The black church in the United States can be traced back to chattel slavery in the 18th and 19th centuries. Enslaved Africans brought to the Americas a variety of religions, including traditional spiritual practices. But the system of slavery was built on the dehumanization and exploitation of enslaved people, and this could only be achieved by depriving slaves of meaningful connections to land, ancestry, and identity. The dominant white culture of the time accomplished this through a system of forced acculturation, which included forced religious conversion. Missionaries would also use promises of freedom to convert enslaved Africans. Many enslaved people were told they could return to Africa as missionaries themselves if they converted. While it was easier for polytheistic beliefs to merge with Catholicism, which ruled in areas such as the Spanish colonies, than the Protestant Christian denominations that dominated early America, enslaved populations constantly read their own narratives into Christian texts and incorporated elements of their previous faiths into Christian frameworks. Out of this cultural and religious acculturation, early versions of the black church were born. Exodus, The Curse of Ham  and Black Theodicy Black pastors and their congregations maintained their autonomy and identify by reading their own histories into Christian texts, unlocking new routes for self-realization. For example, many black churches identified with the Book of Exodus’s story of the prophet Moses leading the Israelites escape from slavery in Egypt. The story of Moses and his people spoke to hope, promise and the benevolence of a God which was otherwise absent in the systematic and oppressive structure of chattel slavery. White Christians worked to justify slavery through the employment of a white savior complex, which  in addition to dehumanizing black people, infantilized them. They insisted that slavery was good for black people, because black people were inherently uncivilized. Some went so far as to claim that black people had been cursed and slavery was the necessary, God-intended punishment. Seeking to maintain their own religious authority and identity, black scholars developed their own branch of theology. Black theodicy refers specifically to theology that answers for the reality of anti-blackness and the suffering of our ancestors. This is done in a number of ways, but primarily by re-examining suffering, the concept of free-will, and God’s omnibenevolence. Specifically, they examined the following question: If there is nothing that God does that is not good in and of itself, why would he inflict such immense pain and suffering on black people? Questions like this one presented by black theodicy led to the development of another type of theology, which was still rooted in accounting for the suffering of black people. It is perhaps the most popular branch of black theology, even if its name is not always well known: Black Liberation Theology. Black Liberation Theology and Civil Rights Black Liberation Theology strove to incorporate Christian thought into the black community’s legacy as a â€Å"protest people.† By recognizing the social power of the church, along with the safety it offered within its four walls, the black community was able to explicitly bring God into the daily liberation struggle. This was famously done within the Civil Rights Movement. Although Martin Luther King Jr. is most often associated with the black church in the context of civil rights, there were many organizations and leaders during that time who leveraged the church’s political power. And although King and other early civil rights leaders are now famous for their nonviolent, religiously-rooted tactics, not every member of the church embraced nonviolent resistance. On July 10, 1964, a group of Black men led by Earnest â€Å"Chilly Willy† Thomas and Frederick Douglas Kirkpatrick founded The Deacons For Defense and Justice in Jonesboro, Louisiana. The purpose of their organization? To protect members of the Congress For Racial Equity (CORE) against violence from the Ku Klux Klan. The Deacons became one of the first visible self-defense forces in the South. Although self defense was not new, the Deacons were one of the first groups to embrace it as part of their mission. The power of Black Liberation Theology within the black church did not go unnoticed. The church itself came to serve as a place of strategy, development  and reprieve. It has also been a target of attacks by numerous hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan. The history of the Black church is long and not over. Today, the church continues to redefine itself to meet the demands of new generations; there are those within its ranks who work to remove factors of social conservatism and align it with new movements. No matter what position it takes in the future, it cannot be denied that the black church has been a pivotal force within Black American communities for hundreds of years and those generational memories are not likely to fade.

Reconstructing Haiti Essay - 1102 Words

After the initial chaos caused by the earthquake in Port-au-Prince, the international community needs to set priorities in the reconstruction of Haiti. The first step, that is already taking place, is to create emergency teams to rescue trapped people, clear debris and restore water and sanitation to prevent the spread of diseases. The second step should be focused on the alleviation of the country’s debt with international financial institutions and the promotion of direct access to credit. Only by solving the financial problem, will the country be able to reconstruct its economy and reduce its high unemployment rates. The third step involves international cooperation in the fields of agriculture, health, social development and the†¦show more content†¦The second step should be focused on the alleviation of the country’s debt with international financial institutions and the promotion of direct access to credit. Only by solving the financial problem, will the country be able to reconstruct its economy and reduce its high unemployment rates. The third step involves international cooperation in the fields of agriculture, health, social development and the strengthening of institutions. This way, it will be essential to provide even the most basic resources and knowledge due to the fact that everything is starting from scratch. This final step will take decades to be accomplished and for that same reason will demand a great effort of the United Nations and other multilateral organizations. Besides those measures led by multilateral institutions, several initiatives taken by individual countries will surely contribute to accelerate the process of reconstruction. Brazil, for instance, is cooperating with Haiti in school lunch programs, the promotion of sports, the production and use of ethanol fuel produced from sugar cane and a vaccination campaign. However, the most important thing in this reconstruction process is to learn from past mistak es. By doing that, it will be possible to avoid all the wrong choices that were made in the country’s history. After the initial chaosShow MoreRelatedThe History Of The Dominican Republic:. The Dominican Republic1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of the Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic also known as the island of Hispaniola is the second largest island in the Caribbean, which contains two countries, Haiti the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic was first explored by Columbus on his voyage to the New World. However, the origin and true history of the Dominican Republic goes far beyond his voyage. Before Christopher Columbus went on his journey to explore America, he stumbled upon the island of Hispaniola. 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In the 1930s, pacifism was more muted in some parts of the industrial world because of the militarization of the masses and the simultaneous desire on the part of the democraciesRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesimmunizations and early health assessments have long-term impacts that can be hard to recover from. By mid-2010, the need for mobile clinics in the United States was even more widespread, and the television coverage of the 2009 earthquake devastation in Haiti had greatly increased public awareness about the need for quick, mobile healthcare solutions. Installing technology on a new MMC, training the staff on-site, and providing remote support for the first weeks of operation was now a well-honed capability

Evidence Based Practice And The Occupational Therapy...

Evidence-Based Practice Evidence based practice, EBP, is a phrase often heard by the occupational therapy, OT, student and is commonly used at the professional level as well. The term is frequently referenced by professors and textbooks, and can even be found in the American Occupational Therapy Association (2006) Centennial Vision Statement as a defining characteristic of the profession. With such an emphasis placed upon it, it is helpful to understand what is meant by the phrase evidence-based practice, why it is considered important to the profession, barriers to practicing it, and how to incorporate it in future practice. What is Evidence-Based Practice Evidence- based practice is a trend both within the occupational therapy field and in the medical profession as a whole. 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Hacking, Defense Against DoS Attack free essay sample

A DDoS attack against the Universities Registration System Server (RSS) by infected computers (Bots) located in the University Computer Labs (see diagram) resulted in shutting down access to the RSS system. Orchestrated and controlled by a central controller these Bots established web connections (HTTP protocol) to the RSS using up all available bandwidth. Doing so prevented other users from accessing the Web site/server for legitimate traffic during the attack. This is considered a Consumption of Resources attack using up all the resources of RSS bandwidth. This summary will address measure to counter this type of DoS attack. (Specht, S. M. , Lee, R. B. (2004)) Measures to counter a DoS attack can be broken down into two types; In-Depth Defense and Countermeasures. Devices such as Routers and Proxy Firewalls are designed to protect against attacks from outside not inside the protective boundaries of the University’s network. The use of up-to-date antivirus software on all network computers, an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) to monitor network traffic, and a host-based IDPS (local computer firewall) are recommended. We will write a custom essay sample on Hacking, Defense Against DoS Attack or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Training of computer users and Information Technology (IT) personnel that manage computer services on the University network is critical to counter such attacks. Disaster Recovery procedures and/or Checklists need to be created and followed by IT staff during the attack phase. Using the concept of In-Depth Defense includes the following; Principle of Least Privilege, Bandwidth Limitation, and Effective Patch Management (EPM). To reduce risk of attack the use of Microsoft’s Active Directory (AD) Rights Management (RM) to assign users the least amount of privileges necessary to operate on the network. This would prevent rogue (Virus or Trojan) software installations that could lead to Bot compromises and DDoS attacks. Limiting the bandwidth or setting bandwidth caps could help to reduce the effects of DDoS attacks by reducing the amount of data any single computer can use. Much like how Internet Service Providers (ISPs) limit the amount of traffic by any one customer to access the Internet. The use of automated patch management, Microsoft’s System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) to keep computers properly updated and patched is essential. EPM reduces the risk of attacks by reducing the vulnerabilities due to know weaknesses in applications and Operating Systems (OSs). A centrally managed Host Based IDPS or Host Based Security System LOT2_Task1. docx (HBSS) to audit and report on computer systems helps defend against known attacks. HBSS allows the management of local computer firewall configurations to identify and possibly shut down infected computers during an attack. The use of AD, SCCM, and HBSS combine to reduce the likelihood of an attack and provide valuable information during the attack and post-attack phases. Countermeasures to internal network DDoS attacks consist of detection, neutralization, prevention of additional attacks, deflection, and post-attack forensics. In the current network design an IDPS can alert network administrators of potential problem detection and block signature based (known) attacks to help in the mitigation process. Use of HBSS and Network IDPS allows administrators to shut down services during an attack to neutralize attacks. The capture of Traffic Patterns stored during DDoS attacks can be used for forensic analyzes post-attack. Load Balancing increases incoming traffic levels during peak hours of operations and during DDoS attacks. Proper configuration of load balancing of network devices, services, and servers will reduce effects of a DDoS attack. (Householder, A. , Manion, A. , Pesante, L. , Weaver, G. , Thomas, R. (2001)) Documentation of these processes provides effective lessons learned and should be the basis of future response procedures. Identifying Bot computers as quickly as possible and removing them from the network is an effective response to DDoS attacks. Once removed from the network the Bot application can be removed from the computer. If removal is not possible or effective a baseline installation of the Operating System is required. With the use of In- Depth Defense and Countermeasures DDoS damage can be significantly reduced. Defensive steps include; user account best practices, effective application patching process, current virus definitions usage, properly configured host-based firewall rules, active network scans for anomalies by IDPS are effective tools against DDoS. Identifying, shutting down, and preventing additional outbreaks of infected computers best practices must be documented. Education of Users and IT staff helps to reduce the root causes of DDoS attacks by reducing Bots infections. Tools such as AD, SCCM, and IDS used properly can help detect and formulate an effect defense against these attacks. In-Depth Defense and Countermeasures used together to formulate an effect process when dealing with DDoS attacks.